Do You Know Your ROCE?

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How Measuring Your Return on Capital Employed is Critical for Financial Health

There are so many ways to measure a company’s financial success: profit margin, return on equity, and return on invested capital.

Return On Capital Employed (ROCE) is a lesser known but equally important financial indicator. ROCE is especially useful for evaluating your company’s macro level financials or other companies to invest in. It’s essential because it goes beyond simple profit margins to specifically assess how well a company runs, conducts its business, and returns value to investors.

ROCE is the total of a firm’s assets and revenues minus current liabilities. The ROCE ratio is simple:

Return on Capital Employed = Earnings Before Interest and Tax (EBIT)/Capital Employed

The higher the result of the formula, the more efficiently a company is utilizing its capital. If a company’s ROCE has gone up since last year or in the last few years, it indicates a company is going in the right direction. At a minimum, ROCE should exceed the cost of capital (financing costs), or the company can find itself in a bad financial state.

ROCE is especially useful in comparing how different companies in the same industry leverage their capital, particularly in capital-intense industries like energy, auto, and telecommunications that habitually hold a large amount of debt.

Don’t confuse ROCE with ROE (return on equity), even though both are profitability ratios that measure a company’s profitability as related to funds invested. ROE takes profits generated from shareholders’ equity into consideration, as opposed to ROCE, which uses all capital employed including the company’s debt.

ROCE percentage is one of the tools for judging the performance of managers and how effectively they are running a business. It’s a good idea to look at the industry average and the ROCE of competing companies.  The ROCE percentage is one of the few metrics that does allow you to compare across industries and within your industry.

If employed capital is not given in financial statement notes, it can be calculated by subtracting current liabilities from total assets. Watch for poor quality profits, such as the sale of expensive equipment that can’t be repeated regularly, as these can create an artificially high ROCE. Other factors such as leasing versus purchasing equipment can also lead to a slightly higher ROCE.

Despite the value of evaluating a company’s ROCE, it should not be the only factor used for an accurate assessment of financial stability; other probability ratios certainly contribute to the whole picture.  However, knowing your ROCE percentage is important metric for a business owner to keep track.  Your ROCE percentage provides the business owner the return they are getting on their investment in the company.

If you want to learn your ROCE percentage, feel free to reach out to Mike to get a free template at Mike@trilliumfinancial.com.

Get a Feel for Your Business by Writing Down the Numbers

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In the era of smart phones, smart cars and smart homes, you might feel advice about tracking your business results with an old-school number 2 pencil is a little out of step.  You shouldn’t.

There is an old saying: “From lips to pencil tips,” which suggests that by physically writing your key figures you become more familiar with them.  Like a golfer who leaves the course saying, “I need to do better than a double bogey on number 7,” entrepreneurs who track their key figures by hand are extremely aware of what they need to improve.

Writing the key figures down month after month, you commit them to memory and become more focused on their importance to your success.  It’s a practice that is highly recommended for new business owners, and I know several veteran business owners who swear by it.

What you should track

Take a piece of paper and write your key performance figures (check out our Metrics for Success guide for more info on these numbers as well).  For most business owners, the common ones are:

  • Sales by month
  • Gross profit by month
  • Net profit by month
  • Cash flow by month
  • Accounts receivable
  • Accounts payable

Sales by month measures top-line revenue growth.  In business, either your company is growing or it has begun dying.  Watch this number closely.  Consider what is going on within your industry, both nationally and in the local market.  Set a sales goal each month that represents true, attainable growth.  If you fall short, take time to understand why and take corrective action as necessary.

Gross profit by month measures a company’s markup on its cost of goods (or services) sold.  This figure gives an indication of how well ownership has controlled its costs and, possibly, whether goods and services are priced in line with what the market will bear.  In times of inflation, it’s easy for cost increases to outpace increases in your selling prices. Committing this number to paper will help keep you abreast of the situation.

Net profit by month builds on the gross profit by month analysis.  While gross profit focuses on cost of goods or services sold, net profit also encompasses administrative expenses, interest and taxes.  If gross profit is optimal but net income is lagging, take a hard look at trimming administrative costs. Perhaps there is a way to manage interest costs. Consider hiring a tax expert who is knowledgeable of your industry.

Cash flow by month measures the company’s liquidity.  It’s how much cash is getting added to or subtracted from the bank in your bank account.  By recording this figure each month, you will naturally begin thinking about short-term, upcoming events that will impact your liquidity. Many service industry clients prepare for weak cash flow in the month of December, when people have holiday-related expenditures in mind. Conversely a retail business expects its best cash flow to occur in December.  Seasonal aspects to a business is a fact of life that should be considered in the business plan.

Tracking Accounts Receivable helps to see how much you expect to collect in the next 30 to 60 days.  Seeing this account grow can be either the result of sales growing or another issue like a customer slowing down their payments.  Understanding the reason for the growth will help you better understand your future cash flow.

Accounts Payable is the amount you owe vendors that must be paid within the next 30 to 60 days.  This balance can tell you how much cash will flow out of your business and thus plan the disbursements based on your inflows from Accounts Receivable.

Focus on important customers

In addition to tracking the numbers, it’s wise to use a second sheet of paper to track results on a customer-by-customer basis. This makes it very clear which customers are most important to your success. And, if an important customer starts slipping away, you will quickly become aware and might be able to salvage the relationship. Your second sheet will track:

  • Sales by month by customer; and
  • Gross profit by month by customer

If sales to a significant customer slip unexpectedly, learn what you can from the employee servicing the account. Then, follow up personally with the customer. It could be that the customer has fallen on difficult times. Maybe there is a competitor trying to make inroads.  Whatever the cause, do what you can to nip it in the bud.

When gross profit by customer increases or decreases from one month to the next, you want to know why. This is a very real measurement of where you are making money and where you are losing it. You need to understand what has happened to that one customer relationship. If gross profit for that customer is up, can you move other customer relationships in the same direction? If it’s down, can you prevent the cause from impacting other customers?

If you would like to get more detailed information on these metrics, download our Metrics for Success guide. If you have questions about how to get started or what your numbers are telling you, give us a call at (404) 353-2148 or email info@trilliumfinancial.com.

Wondering How Your Company Stacks Up Against the Competition?

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by Michael Iverson

At one time or another, every business owner yearns to see how his or her company stacks up against the competition within the same industry. Comparing a company’s financial performance against that of its peers is likely to provide clues about how to improve the company’s results. For instance, it would be important to know whether a company’s administrative costs are significantly higher than those of others in the same industry.

Unfortunately, it’s not always easy to access competitive data. Competitive companies aren’t likely to publicly share financial results. Even if they do share some information, a large difference in size of a comparative company makes analysis difficult.

One way around the problem is to conduct the analysis using a Common-Size Income Statement, which converts a company’s income statement from dollars to percentages.  Every line on the income statement is expressed as a percentage of Net Sales.

Using common-size income statements makes it possible to compare companies that are different in terms of size but in the same industry. While it might seem unlikely to compare two competitors with Net Sales of $4 million and $100 million respectively, focusing on percentages can bring relevance to the analysis.  It also helps spot trends in your business, when comparing results to a prior period, for instance.  You can address the issues before it’s too late.

In the example below, Warning Lights of North Georgia’s income statement is shown alongside its common-size income statement. In the left-hand column are raw, dollar-denominated figures. The right-hand column shows the converted percentages.  The percentages are based on a percentage of sales.  In other words, you would divide the expense by the sales.  For example, in the spreadsheet below, selling expense of 11.9% is determined by the following formula: 1,223,000/10,281,000= 11.9%.

 

Now, Warning Lights of North Georgia’s results can be compared – line by line if so desired – to those of any other company in the industry.  (The financial statements of publicly-traded companies are accessible through the Securities and Exchange Commission’s EDGAR database or its Canadian equivalent SEDAR.)  Industry averages are compiled by national trade associations and a handful of competitive intelligence information services.  Banks, business brokers and good business libraries are likely sources of such information.

Using common-size financial statements, it is possible to determine how your company performs within its industry against the competition. Common-size income statements may be particularly useful in measuring the cost-effectiveness and profitability of a company against its peers as well as spotting trends when comparing multiple periods of your own financial results.

What Is the Balanced Scorecard? (And Why Should You Care?)

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By Michael Iverson

If a business advisor told you that more than half of the largest U.S. corporations used a particular management tool, chances are pretty good that you would be interested in using it for your business.   The balanced scorecard is, in fact, widely used by America’s largest companies. Editors of the Harvard Business Review named it one of the most influential business ideas of the past 75 years.

The purpose of the balanced scorecard is alignment of strategy with the daily activities of a business.  It was introduced as a performance measurement framework in the 1990s by two business professors — Drs. Robert Kaplan and David Norton. The idea is to augment traditional financial business metrics with strategic, non-financial performance measurements. In combination, the two very different kinds of measurements provide a more balanced view of a company’s performance, especially its progress toward achieving long-term, strategic objectives.

A Change of Focus

The balanced scorecard attempts to address a long-time shortcoming of U.S. businesses – their focus on attainment of quarterly earnings goals, while paying too little attention to building long-term value. By focusing on near-term earnings, which are easily measurable, American businesses often neglect investment in intangibles, the returns of which are more difficult to measure.

Focusing on past events causes companies to under-invest in important areas like product and process innovation, building and retaining employee skills, and improving customer satisfaction levels.  These intangibles contribute significantly to the long-term value of a business.  Companies create future value by investing in customers, suppliers, employees, processes, technology and innovation – the intangibles that matter today.

Companies can only improve management of their intangible assets if they integrate measurement of those intangibles into their management systems. This notion led to development of a management tool for describing, communicating and implementing strategy – the balanced scorecard.

The scorecard envisions a company’s Vision and Strategy at the center of a continuous feedback loop, surrounded by four perspectives, each with its own business metrics. A company collects and analyzes data relative to each perspective.

The Learning & Growth Perspective

Employee training, individual growth and company-wide improvement are hallmarks of great companies. Employees who embrace technological advances and mentoring become more productive. Their collective knowledge significantly enhances the company’s value.

The Business Process Perspective

Managers need to know how well the business is performing based on its internal processes. Are the internal processes allowing the company to produce quality products and services, while achieving incremental improvement? The metrics for this perspective are unique to each business and should be designed by managers who are intimately aware of both internal processes and customer needs.

The Customer Perspective

Perhaps the most important management concept of recent years is the realization that meeting, if not exceeding, customer expectations is a leading indicator of business success. Customers whose expectations are met or exceeded become extremely loyal, building business value. When expectations are not met, customers begin to look for other suppliers.

The Financial Perspective

Traditional financial analysis does provide useful information. Kaplan and Norton suggest that it is most useful when it encompasses risk assessment and cost-benefit measurements, and when it is balanced by data from the other three perspectives.

If you would like help in creating a balanced scorecard for your business, just give us a call at (404) 353-2148 or send us an email, and we will be happy to help!

What is the One Best Yardstick to Measure your Business Success?

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Mike Iverson’s client had it all figured out. He knew exactly how well his business was doing every month, without researching complicated data or paying an expensive consultant. He just looked at his phone bill. If the number of outbound calls was up, he could bet that his revenues for that month would be up, too.

A reckless, haphazard guess? Just the opposite. Iverson’s client had found a simple metric that he could track every month and immediately gauge the health of his business.

The concept of a simple metric as a forecaster of financial health belongs to Norm Brodsky, a successful serial entrepreneur and writer for Inc. magazine. The idea is for every company to find that one magic metric – the connection between a routine business function and the positive growth of a company.

“I think every business has it,” says Mike Iverson, Numbers Coach. “Every small business can put a finger on a certain key number that can tell you how you will end up that month.”

The trick, of course, is uncovering exactly which numbers have that relationship in your business. For example, if call volume goes up and sales go down, you’ve got the wrong metric. It is important to track as many numbers as possible in the beginning, because it may take two years (or more) to find the leading indicator. Also, recommends Iverson, track the numbers by hand. The process of writing the numbers down with a pencil and paper will help you realize the connections.

Here are seven important metrics for any business. Track them for 3 months and see which one gives the greatest transparency to the rest of your business:

  1. The Trailing 12-Month Sales Average: By monitoring – and graphing – sales from the 12 months prior, you’ll get a visual of the progress of sales, while taking seasonal issues out. If it’s July 2025, look at July 2024 through June 2025. Graph each month’s sales and see where the highs and lows were, and what the average was. If that 12 month average is trending up, it’s good. If the graph line is flat or declining something is causing sales not to perform.“If you look at just sales numbers month to month, you won’t see it,” says Iverson. “This is a visual metric: you want to see that 12-month trailing graph trending up.”
  2. Operating Profit Percentage: This shows the extent to which a company is making a profit on standard operations. When looking for indicating factors, ask, ‘Is this percent holding steady, increasing or decreasing?’  You can also examine this on a trailing 12-month average.
  3. Accounts Receivables Cash Conversion Cycle: If you extend credit to customers, track how long it takes to collect cash from the time the bill is sent. What is your cash conversion cycle (or DSO – Days Sales Outstanding)? Be careful about the terms extended to your customers; you have set them for a specific reason. If customers go beyond those time limits, you’ll feel the pinch.
  4. Days Inventory Outstanding (DIO): In theory, you should keep the least amount of inventory on hand as possible. In a perfect scenario, you would get the order in just in time to have it manufactured and sent out; the longer inventory sits unsold the more of a drain it is on your cash.
  5. Disbursement Cycle: These are the terms you get from your vendors. The longer you can hold on to your money and the faster you get it from your customers, the better.
  6. Working Capital as a Percent of Your Revenue: This is an important financial set of measures to look at because it is often overlooked by business owners, says Iverson. “They know to look at the income statement. But if all that operating profit is getting absorbed into working capital, then there won’t be enough cash flow to grow the business,” he says.Receivables and inventory are investments.  (And in the same way vendors have an investment in you.) You’ll want to invest as little as possible of your revenue in working capital. Turn your receivables to cash, your inventory into billing, and hold on as long as you can to your money. Look at the number of days net working capital is invested every month (or cents on the dollar of what’s invested). If you don’t have enough cash flow to cover what you’ve got invested, you’ve got a problem.
  7. Return on Capital Employed (ROCE ) Percent: According to FinanceScholar.com, ROCE measures the efficiency and profitability of a company’s capital investments. For example, capital assets such as trucks and computers should help make the business more efficient, cut down on costs and realize greater profits.  The ROCE percentage also indicates whether the company is earning sufficient revenues and profits in order to make the best use of its capital assets. The higher the percentage the better.

Tracking the numbers involved with these seven metrics over a period of time will give you an idea of which is the leading indicator for your business.

“It seems like the concept would be complex, something more to it. But really there’s not. If you break it down and keep it simple, the metric can give a business owner an easier way to digest information and act,” says Iverson.

Start measuring today so you can figure out what actions to take in order to achieve your financial goals.   The Numbers Coach can help; just contact us at (404) 353-2148 or mike@numberscoach.net.

Could Cash Flow Be the Problem?

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by Collette Parker

Did you know that almost half of businesses have their best-ever year right before they file for bankruptcy? They grow right out of business, and usually it’s not because of lack of sales – it’s poor management of cash.

“They may have had their best year on paper, but when you look at cash flow and working capital’ it’s going south real fast,” says Mike Iverson, CPA, and CEO of Trillium Financial.

The old adage is true: you can’t manage what you don’t measure. And even if sales are good, if you have vendors and employees asking for money, and customers who don’t have to pay for another 45 days – it’s a perfect storm for a cash crisis.

“Take the time to do a financial business plan every year,” Iverson says. Not 30 pages, but a simple two-pager with a financial forecast and a budget for 12 months. “That will give small businesses a leg up from those businesses who don’t write this out.”

Visuals help. It’s not enough to just go through a plan in your head. The process of examining your business closely enough to work out a model and a 12 month plan helps you to understand the flow of your business, including issues of seasonality. If you plan cash flow properly you can figure out how much money you can have in hand when you go into manufacturing season, and how much you’ll make in the selling season. “You can’t just set a $12 million goal, and divide the revenue figures by 12 for the year,” says Iverson.

One financial management tool that is useful in managing cash is a 12-month trailing budget. Once January closes, look at the last 12 months (including January) and chart the revenue. Then look at December and the 12 months prior. Are the numbers higher or lower? Look at the graph. Is it flattening out? Going down? “Graphing a trailing 12 month budget is a simple visual tool,” says Iverson, “and can be used for both sales and expenses.”

“If your management team sees a graph instead of a bunch of numbers, they can understand the concept. Hopefully you’re spotting a positive trend. Either way, you can understand what your cash trends are, and then have a budget that is detailed enough to effectively plan for the year.”

When planning the budget for healthy cash flow, be mindful of how much is invested in your working capital, and keep track of three key areas:

1. Accounts Receivables – Unless you are a cash business, chances are you extend credit to your customers. If your terms are 30 days, your customers should pay you within 30 days, not longer. If you begin to see a trend where customers are waiting 45–60 days to pay, you will probably begin to see cash flow problems. Don’t be a free bank for your customers.

Look at ways to reduce the time it takes customers to pay you: ask for advances from customers, or a down payment, installment, or some level of prepaid portion of the sale. If you’re in the situation where you really need the cash now, you can work with a factoring firm for receivables, or the bank for a loan.

2. Accounts Payable – Have favorable credit terms and solid partnerships with your vendors. In this area, you want to hold on to your money as long as you can. But, if vendors offer early payment discounts and you can afford to take it, go ahead. Sometimes, even if you have to borrow the money to pay early, it might make sense to do so. If you can borrow money at eight percent and take a two percent discount for 10 days early (2% 10 net 30) you are effectively earning 36 percent over a year. (If you do that, make sure the borrowing doesn’t put you at risk for running out of cash and not being able to pay your other bills.)

3. Inventory – Manage your inventory so that it doesn’t sit in a warehouse for too long. Once you’ve paid for the inventory, it should be sold and generate profit for you. Adjust your inventory for the seasonality of your industry so you’re never caught with too much.

An example of good management of these three factors would be to extend 30 day terms to customers, purchase inventory and turn it around in 15 days; and pay vendors in 30 days.

Financial planning doesn’t have to be complicated to be effective. Measuring the past 12 months of working capital performance, income statement performance, sales growth and profit, will give you a really good picture of your business and let you prepare for future sustainable growth.

Prominent Placement

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Company
In 2001, Stacy Williams launched Prominent Placement, Inc. (“PPI”) with the vision of creating a preeminent search engine marketing company.  The company focuses on helping drive targeted traffic to their clients’ websites and generate traffic that converts to sales.  Stacy’s firm is at the forefront of the changes occurring in the online world of search engine marketing, ensuring their clients are up to date on the technologies and methods considered best practice.  But most of all delivering results that grow their clients’ revenue.

Situation
As an emerging growth company, PPI was at a crossroads on several key operational decisions that would impact the company financially.  Stacy and her team needed an understanding of whether the company could afford to make those decisions, including committing to lease office space.  PPI was looking to move from a pure virtual office to a hybrid model (office space and virtual office).  They needed to know how much space they could afford, when best to make the change, and how to fund it.

Solution
PPI hired the Numbers Coach (“NC”) to provide a comprehensive analysis of its financial operations.  NC used its Numbers Navigator™ to assist the PPI team in assessing its ability to fund the key business decisions.  Through a discovery session and gathering of financial data, NC gained an understanding of the key financial drivers of PPI’s business.

Results
NC provided Stacy and her team with a comprehensive financial report that outlined how PPI could implement its decisions and understand the financial impact.

  • A 20+ page financial report with key performance indicators (“KPI”) driving the business
  • An Executive Summary outlining PPI’s cash flow drivers and how to increase cash flow
    • The summary also provided recommendations on what decisions the company could afford to do.

 

“Understanding the financial end of my business has always been my weakest area.  After working with a variety of other financial advisors over the years, Mike Iverson was finally able to explain my own company’s financial data to me in a way that really made sense.  He has educated me on how decisions we make all year long will impact our cash flow at the end of the year (and every day).  I feel like, after nearly a decade in business, someone has finally shined a flashlight into our numbers so that I can really see and understand them.  I feel much more in control.”

Stacy Williams, President
Prominent Placement, Inc.
Strategic Search Marketing

Metrics: It’s Time to Keep Score in Your Business

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by Tim Fulton

I enjoy playing golf but it can be a very frustrating game.

For that reason, I typically do not keep score when I play golf. I find that it makes the game more enjoyable when I leave the scorecard and the half-pencil in the clubhouse. I have also found that over the past three decades that I have played golf, my game has not improved at all. If anything, it has deteriorated over time. But then it is hard to tell because…I don’t keep score.

When friends ask what I normally shoot when I play golf, I usually respond with: “mid-90’s.” That sounds pretty good and seems about right. The funny thing is that when I do actually keep score, I usually shoot in the high 90’s to low 100’s. In other words, I don’t score as well as I presume I do.

Many small business owners manage their business just like I play golf. They don’t keep score. Their reasoning is very similar to mine as well. They say it just makes running their small enterprise that much more frustrating if they must look at monthly financial statements or weekly sales reports. In addition, since they work in the business every day they “know” how the business is doing. When I ask a business owner questions about profit margins, sales figures, specific ratios; I will either get a blank stare (bad sign) or a rough estimate. Upon examining their financial statements, I usually find that their “rough estimates” are overstated (sometimes dramatically).

I tell small business owners that the question is not whether or not they should be keeping score in their business. What they are operating is not a leisurely walk in the park slapping a silly white ball from tee to green. This is their livelihood. This is their dream. This is their business. . . Instead, I inform them that the key question is what to keep score of? What should they be measuring and monitoring on a regular basis? How can they check the pulse of their business on a day-to-day basis?

My dad was an entrepreneur. He was not the owner of the business but he had to think like an owner. He was in charge of operating a large warehouse distribution center. I can remember being in his office and always seeing a small piece of notepaper (this was before “Post-Its”) in the upper front corner of his desk. On that piece of paper there were three numbers scribbled down. On one occasion I asked my dad what those numbers were. Little did I know at that time that I was about to receive one of the best business management lessons I ever received (in or out of business school).

My dad responded that his bookkeeper brought him this sheet of paper every day with three (3) numbers written on it. The numbers included the past day’s total sales, this day’s bank deposit, and the amount of accounts receivable outstanding that particular day. He explained to me that those three numbers gave him the “pulse” of the business each and every day. This is how he kept score of his business. Through his experience in managing this business, he knew what to look for in these numbers. He knew what was “below-par,” “par,” and “above-par.” He knew when his business “game” was on and when it was off. No guesswork here.

No one day’s number would cause a panic. He was more concerned with patterns. Were sales increasing? Were receivables under control? He had a mental chart of each of these figures and would take action when action was necessary.

In addition to these daily reports, he would also receive weekly sales and inventory reports. He paid close attention to the monthly financial statements when they arrived. However, it was those daily reports that he relied upon most and allowed him to best keep score of his business. They were timely. They were accurate. They were critical to his ability to successfully manage this multi-million dollar operation.

What numbers should you receive every day? You decide. Possibilities include sales figures, bank deposits, inventory levels, employee timesheets, production reports, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and profit margins. Every industry has different areas of performance that need to be looked at regularly.

I think three is the magic number. Pick any three of these numbers and watch them every single working day. That is your mini-report card for the day. That is your scorecard. Set reasonable standards for each figure and be prepared to take action when necessary.

Keep score for your business and watch it improve and grow.

Use Your Dashboard to Monitor Profitability

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by Michael Iverson

Believe it or not, it is possible to manage the financial side of your business in only a few minutes each week. With a good dashboard, you can quickly review the key drivers of the business to know how well you are doing.

Here are some metrics you might want on your dashboard. Let’s consider your Income Statement (aka, Statement of Profit & Loss, or P&L) and four profitability metrics that derive from the Income Statement:

  1. Price
  2. Gross Profit Margin
  3. EBITDA
  4. Net Profit

1.  Is the Price. . . Right?

As consumers, we know that Price represents the specific dollar amount a vendor charges for a given product or service. Business owners tend to think about Price differently. In the context of the Income Statement, Price represents the average dollar amount a business charges customers for a product or service sold during a reporting period (month, quarter, year, etc.). Because it is an average of all products and services sold, it might seem like a statistic that’s not particularly noteworthy. However, the statistic can be used for benchmarking – comparing the average price for the current reporting period against the average price for a prior period, for example.

Price is a variable component of Sales for the period, meaning it’s possible to increase or decrease the price and see the flow-through impact on bottom-line profits. In some instances, a price increase substantially improves the Net Profit of the business. In a price-sensitive environment, a price increase is rejected by some customers and sales volume may actually decline. When Price is a component of your dashboard, a quick glance provides some indication of customers’ price sensitivity for your products and services – which certainly is important for an owner to know because it has important implications for business profitability.

2.  Managing Gross Profit Margin

Gross Profit Margin is one of the most basic measurements of profitability. Sales less Cost of Goods Sold yields Gross Profit. Cost of Goods Sold includes direct costs of production, such as materials and production labor. The Gross Profit Margin is simply Gross Profit (GP) expressed as a percentage of sales. A business with sales of $50 million for the reporting period and a $25 million Cost of Goods Sold (CGS) has a 50 percent Gross Profit Margin (calculated as CGS/GP).

Gross Profit Margin is an important gauge of profitability. If a company does not generate adequate gross profit to cover its other operating costs, then it cannot become profitable. In addition, much like Price, it provides a good benchmark. It is especially useful when compared to other companies in the same industry. If a company’s Gross Profit Margin is significantly lower than those of competitors, the costs of its primary inputs (generally, material and production labor costs) may be too high and the company will have a tough time competing.

3.  EBITDA

EBITDA is an acronym for Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization. EBITDA is a measure of profitability that goes a step beyond Gross Profit. EBITDA includes another layer of costs, which are typically classified as selling and administrative expenses (sometimes referred to as overhead costs). It excludes interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, which are considered to be non-operating costs. EBITDA is a measure of profitability from operations and plays a role in the valuation of a company. Like most profitability measures, an upward trend over time is desirable.

4.  Net Profit – The Bottom Line

Net Profit is the final line of the Income Statement, hence the alias “The Bottom Line.”  In terms of accounting, regulatory compliance and most debt covenants, Net Profit (or Net Income) is the most complete measure of a company’s financial performance. It includes all the costs subtracted from sales. A growing Net Profit figure over a sustained period of time suggests that a business is managed effectively.

 

A dashboard with these income statement metrics can help you more efficiently manage and make decisions for your business. There can be other factors and income statement metrics that drive your business and we would be glad to discuss which ones make the most sense for you.  Contact us for a no-obligation assessment of your dashboard metrics.

Put Your Working Capital to Work in Understanding Your Financial Dashboard

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by Michael Iverson

I often remind clients to pay attention to their working capital levels, particularly in today’s economic environment, when banks have shown a reluctance to lend to small businesses. Business owners need to maintain liquidity, generate positive cash flow and – to the extent possible – prepare to fund growth internally. Working capital is critical to your financial dashboard, a tool we recommend you as a business owner use to monitor your financial health.

Understand Working Capital

Let’s begin by defining working capital. Simply stated, it is the difference between current assets and current liabilities. A common perception is that a profitable business always has adequate working capital; however, that is not necessarily true. Profitable businesses can, and do, experience capital crunches. Often, an effort to expand operations aggressively is the cause of a shortage of working capital.

Working capital is composed of primarily of Accounts Receivable, Inventory, and Accounts Payable. A business owner needs to consider changes to these short-term assets and liabilities in order to ensure the business generates adequate operating cash flow.

For example, an increase in Accounts Receivable might mean a business is falling behind its in collections. Sales offered on credit, a business is effectively making a non-interest bearing short-term loan to its customer. Collecting accounts promptly is important. An aged invoice that goes past its due date can have a negative effect on cash flow. The business used precious resources to bring a product to market and sell it, but until the account is collected those funds are unavailable.

For my clients that extend credit, I recommend a dashboard metric called Days Sales Outstanding (“DSO”). It measures the relationship between Accounts Receivable and Sales. When this metric spikes higher than a specified level, then collections are not keeping pace. A quick glance at the dashboard shows you the trend of the metric. Measuring and understanding the drivers of the metric can help you identify where to make changes.

For businesses with inventory, it’s important to make sure that inventory is not consuming capital unnecessarily. Is inventory getting sold on the schedule? As with aging Accounts Receivable, a buildup of inventory ties up your cash resources when it is not converted to cash on a timely basis. The Inventory Turnover Ratio is a dashboard metric that highlights this trend. When the ratio decreases, it can signal an upcoming cash flow problem.

Another balance sheet account in working capital is Accounts Payable. Accounts Payable is the opposite of Accounts Receivable, where your business has been extended a short-term interest free loan from your vendor. When a business slows down its vendor payments, it is conserving cash. A business will at times use this strategy when it is experiencing slower payments in Accounts Receivable. Days Payable Outstanding (“DPO”) is a metric that measures your payment cycle trend. Consider putting it on your dashboard. Measuring your DPO helps identify when you may be disbursing funds faster or slower than expected.

Working Capital Ratios

To recap, here are the Working Capital ratios that I recommend you measure:

  • Days Sales Outstanding
  • Inventory Turnover Rate
  • Days Payable Outstanding

If you don’t understand the relationship of these metrics on your operating cash flow, your business can quickly become a very profitable operation that is very quickly running out of cash.

Developing a financial dashboard helps you manage review key metrics to gain insights on making decisions for your business. Schedule a free consultation with our Numbers Coach, where we are glad to discuss metrics that make the most sense for your business.

Understanding Fixed and Variable Costs and Your Break-Even Point

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by Michael Iverson

Running a business is difficult enough when you have a good grasp of your cost structure. If you don’t understand the relationship between your fixed and variable costs, achieving financial success in your business will be challenging. Let’s take a closer look at these costs and what they mean for your business.


A fixed cost, simply stated, is a cost that is incurred whether you generate $1 of revenue or not. For example, building rent is typically a fixed cost. A landlord charges a flat fee per month for use of a property. The rent amount will be the same whether a company sells $1 million worth of goods and services or nothing at all. Other examples of fixed costs include insurance, equipment leases, and non-hourly administrative salaries.


A variable cost is incurred as a function of generating revenue. If you do not sell no product or service, you don’t incur this costs. You begin to incur variable costs as you generate revenue. Variable costs include direct hourly labor related to the provision of a service or the manufacture of a product. It can also include sales commissions paid, the cost of raw materials, distribution costs, and utilities expenses related to manufacturing activity.


Metrics You Should Know


Average fixed costs—Identify and quantify the fixed costs associated with running your business, and calculate the average fixed costs for a month. Monthly averages typically work well because some businesses have a degree of seasonality to them. In the example below, Acme Company had average monthly fixed costs of $241,891 for the year 2013.

Average variable cost as a percentage of sales—Simply divide average variable costs for the period by sales for the period to calculate this percentage. If Acme Company had average monthly variable costs of $341,985 and average monthly sales of $856,803, its average variable cost as a percentage of sales is 39.9%.

Break-even point—The sales level at which Revenue equals Total Costs is known as the break-even point. As the term “break-even” implies, Profit is zero after you subtract all of your variable and fixed costs. It can be expressed as the equation:
Revenue – (Total Variable Costs + Total Fixed Costs) = Profit


It’s important to know your breakeven point so you understand at a minimum how much in sales volume you need to generate just to begin to make a profit. Let’s apply the principle to our Acme Company example: 

Avg. monthly sales $856,803 x 12 mo.= $10,281,636 Annual Revenue

Total Variable Costs = $2,902,696

Total Fixed Costs = $4,103,820.
$10,281,636 – (4,103,820 + 2,902,696) = $3,275,120


In this example, Acme Company earned a healthy profit of $3,275,120 for the year 2013. To determine the break-even point, we want to find the sales level where profit equals zero. By definition, fixed costs are static no matter the level of sales. We know the variable costs as a percentage of sales are 39.9%, or .399 for purposes of our equation. We solve for the unknown figure, Sales: 

Variable expenses / (1-.399)= sales required for breakeven $2,902,696 / (1-.399) = $4,829,777


The break-even point is $4,829,777 of sales revenue. Acme Company must generate this level of sales before it can start generating profits for the year.


Managers find it helpful to know the break-even point for purposes of business planning. The break-even point is a basic, but important, business metric. Once a manager becomes familiar with this relationship, he or she gains an understanding of how much the business can expand before adding more capacity—which means adding higher level of Fixed Costs.

If you would like help in finding your business’s break-even point, contact us.  We’re here to help!

What Does Break-Even Look Like?

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by Michael Iverson

In a recent article, I discussed the importance of knowing the fixed and variable costs of your business, as well as the break-even point. I’d like to revisit the topic using an illustration that I think you will find helpful. As the saying goes, “a picture’s worth a thousand words.”

Let’s review the particulars of the business mentioned in the previous article. For the year 2012, Acme Company had fixed costs of $2.9 million. The sales price of a unit of product was $112 and the variable costs were $44.70 per unit.

This Sales Table presents sales in 6,000-unit increments. The top line of the table shows no sales and fixed costs of $2.9 million, resulting in a loss of $2.9 million. Toward the middle of the table is 42,000 units sold, with a small loss of $96,000. The break-even point is $4.8 million of sales revenue, or 43,430 units at $112 sales price.

Actual sales for the year were 91,800 units with revenue of $10.2 million. As the table reveals, 90,000 units sold produces a profit of $3.1 million. However, Acme Company did even better.

Now, let’s look at the accompanying Break Even Analysis chart.

Dollar amounts on the vertical axis correspond to unit sales levels on the horizontal axis. The green line represents Fixed Costs of $2.9 million, which do not change with increases in unit sales. The red line represents Sales Revenues, which increase as unit sales increase—to the right along the horizontal axis. The blue line represents Total Costs.

The intersection of the red and blue lines is the break-even point. The area between the red and blue lines to the left of break-even represents losses; the area between the red and blue lines to the right of break-even represents profits. Acme Company generated sales in 2012 that put it well into the profit zone.

Between the table and the chart, you get a good sense of the dynamics between fixed costs, variable costs, and break-even. Understanding your monthly and annual break-even point is an important planning tool. It provides your team with a reference point of knowing when you are operating at a profit or a loss.

If you would like help in understanding your business’s break-even point, contact us.  We’re here to help!